DIGITAL DEVICES

                A digital device is an electronic device which uses discrete, numerable data and processes for all its operations. The alternative type of device is analog, which uses continuous data and processes for any operations. Any device which uses a computer of any sort in its operations is at least partially digital.

              Digital devices have been in existence for well over 100 years, with the first digital device in widespread use being the telegraph. The telegraph was used to translate text into a series of dots and dashes, which were transferable along a line from one telegraph to another to allow for long-distance communications.

          The telephone later replaced the telegraph as a widely used digital device, though earlier telephone systems also had an analog component that was used to transfer the voice portion of the call. The digital portion of earlier telephones was used to convey telephone number data, routing two or more phones to establish connections between them without the need for manual help from operators. Recent phone systems are entirely digital, however, with the audio converted into data for transfer along the phone line, where it is converted back into audio at the other end.

             Modems are another recent example of a digital device, serving the same purposes as the old telegraph lines in converting analog information such as text, audio and video into digital signals for transmission along a networking cable.

EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL DEVICES

v Computer

        A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, make computers very flexible and useful. Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers.

v Digital camera

           A digital camera or digicam is a camera that produces digital images that can be stored in a computer, displayed on a screen and printed. Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles.

         Digital and movie cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imagery, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound. Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing.

v  MP3 player

         An MP3 player or Digital Audio Player is an electronic device that can play digital audio files. It is a type of Portable Media Player. The term 'MP3 player' is a misnomer, as most players play more than the MP3 file format.

 

v Mobile phone

         A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PST. Most modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are often also called cellular telephones or cell phones. In addition to telephony, 2000 s-era mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and digital photography. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.

The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 4.4 lbs (2 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000 x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching even the bottom of the economic pyramid. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple and Huawei .

v DVD Player

      DVD (an abbreviation of "digital versatile disc" or "digital video disc" is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.

Pre -recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROMs, because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank record able DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. Re writable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased many times.

DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special AVCHD format to hold high definition material  DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.

                 

v iPad

           iPad  is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc., which run the mobile operating system. The first iPad was released on April 3 .2010; the most recent iPad models are the 9.7-inch iPad Pro released on March 31, 2016 and the iPad Mini 4, released on September 9, 2015. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touchscreen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models. As of January 2015, there have been over 250 million iPads sold.

v HDTV

          The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last. In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

        

v Digital watch

              

               A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.

v Digital Radio

              Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit and/or receive across the radio spectrum. They may refer to digital transmission by radio waves, including digital broadcasting, and especially to Digital audio radio services .The term is also applied to radio equipment using digital electronics to process analog radio signals.

v Digital Television

               Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards. Below are the different widely used digital television broadcasting standards .

v CD player

            A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs, which are a digital optical disc data storage format. CD players were first sold to consumers in 1982. CDs typically contain recordings of audio material such as music. CD players are often a part of home stereo systems, car audio systems, and personal computers. With the exception of CD boomboxes, most CD players do not produce sound by themselves. Most CD players only produce an output signal via a headphone jack and/or RCA jacks. To listen to music using a CD player with a headphone output jack, the user plugs headphones or earphones into the headphone jack. To use a CD player in a home stereo system, the user connects an RCA cable to the RCA jacks or other outputs and connects it to a hi-fi (or other amplifier) and loudspeakers for listening to music. They are also manufactured as portable devices, which are battery powered and typically used with headphones.

EDUCATION  FOR SOCIALLY,ECONOMICALLY AND CULTURALLY DEPRIVED

   SOCIAL DEPRIVATION

                        Social deprivation is the reduction or prevention of culturally normal interaction between an individual and the rest of society. The term "social deprivation" is slightly ambiguous and lacks a concrete definition. There are several important aspects that are consistently found within research on the subject. With social deprivation one may have limited access to the social world due to factors such as low socioeconomic status or poor education. The socially deprived may experience "a deprivation of basic capabilities due to a lack of freedom, rather than merely low income." This lack of freedoms may include reduced opportunity, political voice, or dignity.

         

 ^CAUSES

·        Young parent hood

·        Adult homelessness

·        Lack of qualification

·        Lack of employment opportunities

·        Difference in wealth between the rich and the poor

·        Laziness

·        Lack of willingness to  adapt

             EFFECTS

·        Mental illness

·        Impaires child development

·        Depression and mania

·        Discrimination

·        Poverty

·        Inequality

·        Affect growth and devewlopment of the society and the individual

              REMIDEAL MEASURES

^{·        Provide Education}

^{·        Makes strict laws and regulations}

^{·        Give equal opportunuties}

^{·        Give importance to social welfare}

  ^{ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION}

           Economic deprivation is defined as the lack of sufficient income for people to play roles, participate in the relationships, and take part in the accepted behavior expected of them by the society. Take for instance, the need for a telephone or a car. In a developed country these gadgets are necessities in order to secure jobs and maintain relations with family and friends. Economic deprivation in this instance then means the inability to secure or afford necessities for survival.

             Despite making huge economic strides in the last years, economic deprivation still remains a serious problem in the world particularly in the third world countries.  Economic deprivation is a state of income inequality wherein income generated by an individual is not enough to cover his basic needs. Economic deprivation has increased the gap between rich and poor where the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. This is so because rich people have the financial means to create more wealth. Economically deprived people, on the other hand, barely have enough for subsistence.

^CAUSES

^{·       High standard life}

^{·       Behavioural changes}

^{·       Difference in employment}

^{·       Inequality}

^{·       Difference wage level}

^{·       Lack of education}

EFFECTS

·       Poverty

·       Diseases

·       Lack of education

·       Mental illness

·       Mental and emotional depression

·       Lack of  developments

·       Difference between rich and poor

REMIDEAL MEASURES

·       Provide education

·       Equality of opportunities in works

·       Socialisation

·       Provide education

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

           Cultural deprivation is a theory in sociology that claims that members of the working class cannot easily acquire cultural capital, hampering their access to education and upward social mobility.

        Cultural deprivation is a theory in sociology that claims that members of the working class cannot easily acquire cultural capital, hampering their access to education and upward social mobility.

       Proponents of this theory argue that working class culture (regardless of race, gender, ethnicity or other factors) inherently differs from that of people in the middle class. This difference in culture means that while middle-class children can easily acquire cultural capital by observing their parents, working-class children cannot, and this deprivation isself-perpetuating.

       The theory claims that the middle class gains cultural capital as the result of primary socialization, while the working class does not. Cultural capital helps the middle class succeed society because their norms and values facilitate educational achievement and subsequent employability. Working class members of society that lack cultural capital do not pass it on to their children, reproducing the class system. Middle class children's culture capital allows them to communicate with their middle class teachers more effectively than working class children which contributes to social inequality.

           Bourdieu claimed that state schools are set up to make everybody middle class, although only the middle class and some high achieving working class have the cultural capital to achieve this. From a Marxist perspective cultural deprivation observes that the resources available to the working class are limited, and that working class children enter school less-well prepared than others.

                                    ^CAUSES

^{·        Lack of education}

^{·       Degraded humanity}

^{·       Discrimination}

^{·       Difference between rich and poor}

                               EFFECTS

·        Affect human behaviour and life

·       Formation of classes

·       Develop inferiority complex

·       Affect human values

·       Language differences

                            REMIDEAL MEASURES

·       Provide education

·       Provide equality

·       Give importance to human values

·       Make good relationship with others